Commodification & Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Commodification & Globalization - Essay Example Technology has transformed our world in such a way that words like national identity, local news, local economy, local culture and isolated catastrophe or calamity are fast becoming meaningless. Though Globalization has been defined by many in their own perspectives for political, traditional and intellectual motives, we will only consider the popular understanding of globalization. Packaging, pricing, marketing and ultimately selling something that was never a sellable commodity is generally known as a process of commodification. Commodification has its roots in the far spread capitalism around the world. Capitalism according to a popular belief (Gamble, 2001), is one of the ramifications of globalization. The phenomenon of commodification mines the commonly found objects, ideas, resources, culture and experiences in our daily lives and creates a monetary value for the previously un-commoditized entity. Such a process triggers a hunt for entities that can be commoditized since it en tails profits. In a capitalist world where the accumulation of wealth is prevalent, such a hunt can mean exhaustion of minable entities for commodification. Exhaustion of commoditize able resources is succinctly outlined by Jeremy Rifkin (2001), If the capitalist system continues to absorb large parts of the cultural realm into its sphere in the form of commodified cultural products, productions, and experiences, the risk is very real that the culture will atrophy to the point where it can no longer produce enough social capital and thus support an economy (p. 245). Online Multiplayer Gaming over the internet is fast becoming a commodity of a globalized world. Though internet experience in itself is a commodity but socializing over the internet via chat rooms, voice chat, social networks and emails has not been a commodity for some years now. The online multiplayer gaming today is charged from pay per hour to pay per year payment models. There exist more clever ways of commodifying the gaming experience that we will look into detail in the coming paragraphs. The commodity harvesters of the internet economy are quickly realizing the money making potential of Social Gaming, the internet games that involve players from around the globe. The very core of internet gaming experience involves real human interaction where the players may know each other; this adds a social dimension to the mix. The growing trend in size of internet gaming, amount of time people spend playing such games and lastly the viable business model that backs any internet application, are major factors that has helped commodification grow in online multiplayer gaming world. Advertisement is an essential step in commodifying something. One such example can be land commodification in over populated countries like China (Xu et. al, 2009), where masses are implanted with a dream of owning a lavish house at attractive locations thus creating a hyped value for irrigable or unused land which otherwise has a lesser value. Such a concept when applied to online multiplayer games, yields astounding value for otherwise a very cost technology. A comprehensive example that has stretched the concept of commodification and globalization to its maximum is called â€Å"Second Life†. The game has its own economy that runs through a currency known as â€Å"

Business Report Essay Example for Free

Business Report Essay Business opportunities in NSW are impacted by internal and external factors. Internal and external factors influence the business opportunities as they determine the success and failure of opportunities in the business environment. External influences are factors which mainly influence the environment outside the business and therefore they determine what the management staff inside the business must do to adjust with the changes in the external environment. External influences include factors such as; economic, financial, geographic, social, legal, political, institutional, technological, competitive situation and markets. Internal influences are factors affecting the business from within i. e. internally. Internal influences include factors such as; product, location, management, resource management and business culture. The following business report is commissioned to examine the influence of external and internal factors of business opportunities in NSW. The economic influence includes factors which relate to changes in the wider economy i. e. booms and recessions in the economy. The benefit of a growing economy allows opportunities for a business to increase profit, so businesses are able to experience rising living standards. ‘Booms’ and ‘upswings’ benefit business opportunities as they are periods where the economy is going through a positive phase where businesses have the opportunity to increase their positive total revenue. Consequently, this will lead to a rise in employment, consumer spending and wages. On the other hand, â€Å"Busts’ and ‘downswings’ are periods where businesses are impacted negatively. An example of a business which suffered from the negative factors of the economic cycle was Harvey Norman. Sydney Morning Herald (SMH) reported Harvey Norman experienced a ‘downswing’ period as profits decreased from $128. 95 million to $81. 9 million and total sales had a decline of 7. 3% due to lack of consumer spending. Financial influences involve ‘deregulation’ which is the removal of government regulations from the industry in hope of improving competition. The improvement of competition allows businesses the opportunity to improve efficiency and productivity of their employers and aim to achieve their required goal. Woolworths and Coles have recently removed regulations relating to supplier payments in order to lower costs and open up opportunities to expand their business and increase profit. Geographical influences such as location will determine the growth and development of a specific business. Geographical influences impact business opportunities as it provides challenges to increase profits, sales and expansion of business. An example of expansion of business is IKEA who have expanded their business to Melbourne, Australia because of economic growth in the Australian economy. Due to dramatic increase in consumer spending, IKEA’s profit increased rapidly and therefore they were able to purchase an 80, 000 metre square warehouse. Geographical influence impacts on business opportunities as it increases employment, sales and expansion of business as seen by the actions of IKEA. Social influences provide opportunities for businesses to change or develop to meet consumer demands. Social influences such as changes in consumer tastes and preferences significantly impacts on business productivity and opportunities. Failure for a business to satisfy consumer’s wants can be detrimental to a business and therefore can lead to a decrease in profits and sales or even cessation if they fail to meet consumer demands. An example of social influence on a business is the impact of the style of clothing of AussieBum. AussieBum manufactures and sells their products via the internet and are successful as their material and style of the underwear and beach clothing is famous among society. The business is successful as the material they produce is unique. Additionally, the location of the manufacturing is based in Australia further satisfying the taste and preferences on Australian consumers. Social influences for this business includes its consumers demanding Australian manufacturers to maintain uniqueness and reflect the Australian image; and consumers demanding products to be purchased over the internet. In this case, AussieBum successfully responds to social influences by having the correct production process of manufacturing their commodities and satisfying consumer demand and preferences. Legal influences impacts on business opportunities as it sets out regulations and laws that impacts business operations. Legal influences sets out guidelines that prevents businesses from discriminating or financial rorting. Additionally, legal influences such as laws and contracts can impact businesses as they are forced to buy from specific and this affects their total revenue. An example of legal influence on a business is the investigation of Coles. A recent article published by Sydney Morning Herald states that Coles is undergoing an investigation on discrimination between suppliers based on their private label brands. This breaches statutes which include anti – discrimination laws. Legal investigation is costly and affects consumer buying and spending at this business. Hence, it is crucial for businesses to abide by legislations to take advantage of the opportunities and maintain consumer satisfaction. Political influences impact businesses as government policies can lead to business uncertainty or business confidence. Political influences impact businesses as they implement policies which can change the structure of businesses. An example of political influences on a business is the impact the carbon tax has on BHP Billiton, a company in the mining industry. The carbon tax affects the company as BHP Billiton is now in charge of paying taxes which affect the company’s total revenue as there is an increase in costs. The carbon tax affects business opportunities in BHP Billiton as they are unable to hire new efficient and productive employees due to increase in their costs. Business opportunities in NSW can also be affected by taxation that can increase business costs and therefore restrict the businesses ability to expand or increase their profit or sales. Additionally, the exchange rate can affect the volume of import and exports from global markets hence impact of the price of products. Institutional influences refer to three bodies (Federal, State, and Local) which all have factors which impact business opportunities in NSW. The regulations of institutional influences are the safety and protection of employers in the business, the compulsory minimum wage, payment of taxes, approving new development and simple business codes of conduct and abiding by the legal business laws. These factors impact business opportunities as businesses must abide by these regulations in order to continue running and the breaching of the regulations can result in penalties which may affect the business financially. A recent investigation involving Coles breaching these regulations as they demanded additional payments from their suppliers led to a decrease in profits and loss of other suppliers. These factors affected Coles as their supply of specific products is decreasing yet they have such high demand but in result aren’t able to satisfy consumers wants. Business opportunities are impacted by the institutional influences as businesses are forced to run in a certain way as it can affect their financial status as well as their reputation if they fail to do so. Technology is improving at a rapid pace and allowing businesses to produce more efficiently. Technological influences impact vehicle manufacturing businesses such as Holden. Holden’s vehicles are produced rapidly because of innovative technology. The new Holden Barina features Apple’s Siri voice command providing more features and improving the product. Additionally, technological influence can impact businesses negatively. For example, technological advancements often replace employees and this decreases the opportunity of hiring new employment contributing to unemployment. Nonetheless, technological influences provide opportunities for businesses to produce products more efficiently and in turn increase their total revenue. Competition is advantageous to both consumers and businesses as it provides opportunities for improvement and demand for consumer satisfaction. A competitive situation often influences businesses to lower prices of its products to gain consumer satisfaction. For example, Woolworths and Coles promote lower prices to compete with one another. This provides consumers with wider range of choice and preferences. More so, they promote consumer points for purchasing goods and services at their store to remain competitive. Also, Jetstar has a policy which states they will provide a 10% discount on their service if their competitive airlines (i. e. Virgin Australia and Tiger Airways) offer a cheaper price for their service.In recent times financial/capital, labour and consumers have significantly changed. Financial/capital markets have seen international financial/capital flows become more flexible and easily accessible due to globalisation. Therefore, markets are more integrated. ASX is an example of these changes as the business has now made it more easily accessible for consumers to purchase and sell shares globally over the internet. Financial/capital markets influence business opportunities as businesses in NSW are linked globally are able to communicate and operate more efficiently. However, negative economic influence can impact on domestic markets in NSW which can impede on business operations.

Drunk Driving as a Social Issue Essay -- Papers, DUI, Alcohol

Drunk Driving as a Social Issue How much longer will we be forced to endure the pain and atrocities due to the carelessness of drunk driving? Drunk driving has been a problem in the United States since the introduction of automobiles; however, it did not become an important social issue until the 1980’s. At that time the political atmosphere defined crime in terms of personal choice and individual responsibility. Drunk driving was defined as a problem located within individuals. Drunk driving is illegal in every state. It is not only illegal, but unsafe to operate an automobile if you are under the influence of alcohol. When a person drinks, the alcohol is absorbed into the blood stream and various tests have been designed to measure the level of alcohol in a person’s blood. In most states, if a person has a blood alcohol level greater than .10%, that person is presumed to be too intoxicated to safely operate an automobile. Driving under the influence of alcohol is considered the nation’s most frequently committed violent crime, and in the 1980’s the public supported a wider range of non-criminal countermeasures, as well as stricter legal measures, to govern DUI’s. This movement against drunk driving was well reflected in the legislative arena. Between 1981 and 1987 some 934 new laws dealing with drunk driving were passed by state legislatures. Legal measures focus on deterring drunken drivers by providing stricter laws and punishment. Non-criminal countermeasures are concerned with reform and education and include treatment programs and educating citizens about the dangers of impaired driving. To prevent drunk driving, a combination of stricter laws with harsh punishments and non-criminal countermeasures must be i... ...they realize how unsafe it really is? It would be very tough to put a stop to drinking and driving completely, but by taking more action than ever before, maybe we can help to decrease the number of deaths and accidents. Bibliography: Bibliography Appelgate, Brandon. EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND DRIVING. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991. Vingilis, Charles. ALCOHOL FROM THE BEGINNING. New York: Broadway Books, 1995. Bandura, Stephen. ALCOHOL AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM. Chicago: Gateway Editions, 1984. Berns, Walter. IN DEFENSE OF LIBERAL DEMOCRACY. Chicago: Gateway Editions, 1984 Merquior, Jose. LIBERALISM OLD & NEW. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991. Murray, Charles. WHAT IT MEANS TO BE A LIBERTARIAN. New York: Broadway Books, 1997. Newman, Stephen. LIBERALISM AT WITS’ END. New York: Cornell University Press, 1984.

What Can We Do to Stop Abuse Animals.

Recently animal abuse is increasing around the world. People are treating animal as non – feeling creatures. They use them for food, clothing, entertainment, and so on. These are some of the biggest crimes humans are doing against speechless creatures. There are many ways to prevent animal abuse but the most importantly everybody should treat animals with respect. First of all, we have to make authorities aware of the fact that animals are being ill-treated by people when you witness them. Laws will make these people realize their mistake. For example, there was a Singaporean who broke his dog’s legs, just because his dog has eaten his food. One of his neighbors who saw this reported to police. After that this man had to pay $500 for his action. Other examples in Vietnam people hunt elephant for stuck or cows for food. Secondly, recently on some websites appear more videos of animal abuse on the part of young people. This has proven they do not respect and love animals. We should teach them how to treat animals. Especially with a children, you have to teach children how to treat animal with kindness and respect and considers them as friend. Thirdly, always comply with the laws about animals in your local area. And tell everyone to do it. For example, The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) in Singapore always takes care of animals, which are neglect and abuse. In conclusion, people should learn more about animal. They are like humans and they need love and care. We have to respect animal.

Walmart Case Study

Chapter 1& 2 Module 1 Wal-Mart Case Study Shannan Haynes St Gregory’s University Give a short account of the history of the company, and trace the evolution of its strategy. Try to determine whether the strategies evolution of your company is the product of intended strategies, emergent strategies, or some combination of the two. The Wal-Mart story began in 1962 when Sam Walton opened the first discount store in Rogers, AR. In 1970 Wal-Mart experienced significant growth and made huge advancements In1970 Wal-Mart opened its first distribution center and the Wal-Mart Home Office in Bentonville, AR. By 1970 Wal-Mart employed 1,500 associates and had 38 stores with sales of $44. 2 million. In 1970 Wal-Mart also began selling shares over the counter as a publicly-held company. In 1971 Wal-Mart’s stock had is first 100 percent split. At that time Wal-Mart had stores operating in five states. By 1975 Wal-Mart employed more than 7,500 associates and had 125 stores. By 1977 Wal-Mart was operating in 10 states and opened Wal-Mart Pharmacy. Their growth continued into 1980, when Wal-Mart stock split 100 percent for the fourth time. That year Wal-Mart opened the largest distribution center in Palestine Texas. In the late 1990’s, Wal-Mart became the largest private employer in the world. They employed 1,140,000 employees. In 2000 Wal-Mart appointed H. Lee Scott as its CEO. That year Fortune magazine ranked the company fifth in its â€Å"global Most Admired All-Stars† list and named Wal-Mart the third most admired company in America. Wal-Mart made a commitment to bring environmental sustainability into its business in 2005. They opened a store in McKinney, Texas that saved energy and conserved natural resources, and reduced pollution. They were also active in conserving critical wildlife habitats. By 2005 Wal-Mart employed more than 1. 6 million employees and had more than 6200 stores. By 2006, the number of employees grew to more than 176 million and 6779 locations. In February 2007 Wal-Mart helped launch Better Health Care Together, Later that year, Wal-Mart expanded its successful 4 dollar generic program. By 2007 Wal-Mart had save their customers more than $396 million on prescription drug costs. On February 1, 2007, Mike Duke took over as CEO. (Pereira, 2002) Sam Walton built Wal-Mart on Respect for the Individual, Service to the Customer, and he always strived for Excellence. He respected his employees and was committed to his customers. With commitment to his customers came low prices. Wal-Mart strategy is an intended strategy. It is clear and direct. It was put into place in the 1960's by Sam Walton, and refined over the decades. The company is proud of its strategy and even incorporates it within its moniker â€Å"Always Low prices, Always. † (Pereira, 2002) Identify the mission and major goals of the company. Saving people money was Sam Walton’s goal when he opened his first store 40 years ago. Wal-Mart still has the same goal today. Wal-Mart has expanded their savings to energy, prescription drugs and has partnered with suppliers and stakeholders to create a competitive advantage. Wal-Mart mission is to do well as a business but to also do good. (Walmart, 2009) Do a preliminary analysis of the internal strengths and weaknesses of the company and the opportunities and threats that it faces in its environment. On the basis of this analysis, identify the strategies that you think the company should pursue. Wal-Mart is the number one retailer in the United States. Wal-Mart has a reputation for low prices, convenience and a large selection of products. Wal-Mart has invested into technology and an international logistics system. Wal-Mart is global but has a presence in relatively few countries. Wal-Mart has invested in human resources and retention of their staff but still have extensive labor relation problems. Wal-Mart has been cited by labor groups for wage issues, shift scheduling, and workplace abuses. Wal-Mart has been accused by community groups of destroying the local retail environment in the downtowns of small towns. (Marketing Teacher , 2000) Wal-Mart still has many opportunities to merge, or form alliances with other global retailers. Wal-Mart can do more to call attention to its good deeds to help with their image issues. Wal-Mart can continue to expand its supercenters into large cities. (Avila, 2009) Who is the CEO of the company? Evaluate the CEO’s leadership capabilities. On February 1, 2007, Mike Duke took over as CEO of Wal-Mart. On June 5, 2009, Mike Duke announced that Wal-Mart was up 6 percent to $3. 35 per share and that 7. 3 billion dollars were returned to shareholders. He also said that sales surpassed 400 billion for the first time. Wal-Mart has strong balance sheets and access to capital markets. Mike Duke has enhanced training and development of Wal-Mart’s global workforce. He has also reiterated Wal-Mart’s commitment to low prices. Based on profits and the commitments he has outlined, I would say that Mike Duke leadership capabilities as CEO are very promising. (Walmart, 2009)+ Apply the five forces model to the industry in which your company is based. What does this model tell you about the nature of competition in the industry? Potential Competitors: Medium pressure Grocers could potentially enter into the retail side. Entry barriers are relatively high, as Wal-Mart has an outstanding distribution systems, locations, brand name, and financial capital to fend off competitors. Wal -mart often has an absolute cost advantage over other competitors. Rivalry Among Established Companies: Medium Pressure Currently, there are three main incumbent companies that exist in the same market as Wal-Mart: Sears, K Mart, and Target. Target is the strongest of the three in relation to retail. Target has experienced tremendous growth in their domestic markets and has defined their niche quit effectively. Sears and K-Mart seem to be drifting and have not challenged Wal-Mart in sometime. Mature industry life cycle. The Bargaining Power of Buyers: Low pressure The individual buyer has little to no pressure on Wal-Mart. Consumer advocate groups have complained about Wal-Mart’s pricing techniques. Consumer could shop at a competitor who offers comparable products at comparable prices, but the convenience is lost. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Low to Medium pressure Since Wal-Mart holds so much of the market share, they offer a lot of business to manufacturers and wholesalers. This gives Wal-Mart a lot of ower because by Wal-Mart threatening to switch to a different supplier would create a scare tactic to the suppliers. Wal-Mart could vertically integrate. Wal-Mart does deal with some large suppliers like Proctor & Gamble, Coca-Cola who have more bargaining power than small suppliers. Threat of substitutes-Low pressure The market is crowded but Wal-Mart has the lowest costs, prices , profits, and market share Wal-Mart is able to negotiate for pricing. This analysis tells me that Wal-Mart does not have to worry about threat to new entrants because it has the capacity to produce more in order to lower the cost. There are high barriers of entry for companies trying to come into the retail industry because of the resources that Wal-Mart has. Are any changes taking place in the macro environment that might have an impact, positive or negative, on the industry in which your company is based? If so, what are these changes, and how might they affect the industry? Wal-Mart has received some bad press in the past and is making great commitments to helping the health and well-being of our nation. In 2005 Wal-Mart made a commitment to become more environmentally friendly. Wall-mart adopted an approach they call â€Å"Sustainability 360†. This approach looks for ways to reduce their environmental impact. In 2008, they announced a new set of clearly defined environmentally and socially responsible practices into their supply chain, â€Å"where goods are made in a way that protects our planet. †(Walmart, 2009) The economy has affected many companies recently however Wal-Mart's overall sales aren't rising dramatically, but they are raising, even as the economy grinds to a halt. (Gross, 2008) I believe Wal-Mart’s macro enviroment is affecting them both positvely and negatively. Identify any strategic groups that might exist in the industry. How does the intensity of competition differ across these strategic groups? Walmart’s closest competitors are those in its strategic group. Included in this group are Wal-Mart, Kmart, Target, and Fred Meyer. Wal-Mart is looking to grow. Their latest initiative, â€Å"Project Impact,† aims to make stores easier and quicker to navigate, improve customer service, and to move in on competitors' territory as much as possible. Project Impact calls for remodeling about 70% of Wal-Mart’s in the next five years, and improving sales in major competitors' fields, such as toys and crafts. Wal-Mart has more staying power and is able to dominate its competitors. Target is Wal-Mart’s closet competitor. Target is positioned well and has some staying power but Kmart was forced into bankruptcy. The implication of this on Wal-Mart’s competitors is bigger, more pleasant Wal-Marts. (Avila, 2009) How dynamic is the industry in which your company is based? Is there any evidence that innovation is reshaping competition or has done so in the recent past? The retail industry is dynamic with the previous innovation being department stores, mail order retailing and chain variety stores. However, shopping has changed. Big-box stores like Wal-Mart was influential in the evolution of retail trade, providing – among other innovative features – a one-stop convenience with low prices that many consumers seem to appreciate. (Emerald, 2006) In what stage of its life cycle is the industry in which your company is based? What are the implications of this for the intensity of competition both now and in the future? The Supercenter’s and Big Box stores are in their growth lifecycle. Led by Wal-Mart, the industry has displayed exceptional growth over the last 10 to 15 years, mostly at the expense of other retailers. What makes this unique is that the discount department store industry was perceived as being at maturity. There are signs that the industry is approaching saturation level. However, the industry is expected to do well through the recession. (Emerald, 2006) Is your company based in an industry that is becoming more global? If so, what are the implications of this changed for competitive intensity? Yes, the retail industry has become more global. Wal-Mart's international operations currently comprise 2,980 stores in 14 countries outside the United States. According to Wal-Mart's 2006 Annual Report, the International division accounted for about 20. 1% of sales. [ Wal-Mart has inventory management system that no other company is apt to come even close to competing with. This enables it to vary its inventory from store to store and across cultures Wal-Mart has gone global with its buying strategy, and it now puts Chinese suppliers in competition with suppliers from Mexico, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, as well as the United States. Globalization has changed everything by making technology and methods of production mobile, and by lowering business coordination costs. The big box discount retailers have changed the nature of global competition. (Palley, 2008) Analyze the impact of national context as it pertains to the industry in which your company is based. Does national context help or hinder your company in achieving a competitive advantage in the global marketplace? Wal-Mart has a strong economic affect in any area of the world. Wal-Mart has built an empire on a low-cost model but at the same time, Wal-Mart has faced criticism for labor practices and indirect burdens on our social and welfare programs. Some of the business practices of Wal-Mart like the employees’ wage-benefits package, and the underemployment of women and minorities are the subject of ongoing debate at the national level. Wal-Mart continues to work on its image and faces the same criticism globally as they do nationally. The reputation that Wal-Mart has here in the U. S. may hinder international expansion, but will not stop it. (USA Today, 2009) References Avila, J. D. (2009). How Wal-Mart Will Save Wal-Mart. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from B-Net Today: http://www. bnet. com/2403-13241_23-158179. html Emerald. (2006). Retrieved April 17, 2010, from Globalization's winners and losers: Lessons : http://www. emeraldinsight. com/Insight/viewContentItem. do? contentType=Article&hdAction=lnkhtml&contentId=1563323 Gross, D. ( 2008, Febuary 26). Slate. Retrieved from The Wal-Mart Puzzle: http://www. slate. com/id/2185221/ Marketing Teacher . (2000). Retrieved April 15, 2010, from SWOT Analysis Wal-Mart: http://marketingteacher. com/SWOT/walmart_swot. htm Palley, T. (2008). Manufacturing meets Wal-Mart: The Economics of Global Out-sourcing. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from Economics for Democratic and Open Societies: http://www. homaspalley. com/? p=19 Pereira, M. (2002, April ). Mike Pereira – Written Works and Opinions . Retrieved April 15, 2010, from A Case Study on Wal-Mart Stores Inc. : http://www. mike-pereira. com/subpage/docs/walmartcs. htm#ii2 USA Today. (2009). Retrieved April 17, 2010, from Wal-mart Watch: www. usatoday. com/money/†¦ /2003-11-10-walmart_x. htm Walmart. (2009). Retrieve d April 15, 15, from Our Mission: Saving people money so they can live better. : http://walmartstores. com/sites/sustainabilityreport/2009/ec_overview. html

The Capabilities of New Technology in Education Essays

The Capabilities of New Technology in Education Essays The Capabilities of New Technology in Education Essay The Capabilities of New Technology in Education Essay THE CAPABILITIES OF NEW TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION Nowadays, new technology requires educational institutions to be responsive to the needs and demands of the country considering the significant role of Education in its social and economic development. Our country neighbors such as Japan, Singapore, Hongkong, Taiwan, South Korea do give priority to education specifically when it comes to modernization of instrumental technology. They do believe that such advancement is an answer to the emerging global problems which concerns Information Transfer and Cybernization. The Philippines for sure underscores the same thing as embodied in the 1987 Constitution which manifest that the State shall protect and promote rights of all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all. The Philippines education upholds two specific national goals: global competitiveness and people empowerment. These are primary reasons why the school whether under the umbrella of CHED or DepEd are aiming at producing quality graduates who can uphold the country of excellence in their performance outputs. Thus, the college graduates of today are faced to a new kind of organization vehicle where the future will today be different from the past. The world is now confronting the dramatic change which is the emergence of knowledge in which aspects of the future now co-exist with the present, such as the use of the internet, powerful personal computers, real-time video-conferencing, global positioning systems and many other frontiers of science and technology. The educational community is the entrance of the technological age and all are rushing headlong into computerization and globalization. Moreover, the need for continuing computer literacy is emphasized not only for the students but for the school administrators and the teachers as well. Many colleges and universities, public or private, are in the processing to have more or these new technological facilities with the strong belief that technology is the single most important area which the students must master o succeed in the 21st century. Hence, the educators and everyone in the academe are now confronted with the dilemma of catching up with the advancing technology. These do not only mean throwing computers into labs and expecting users whether teachers or students to integrate technology effectively into the instruction of varying disciplines. How can this new technology be brought into the classroom so that it becomes an integral component of the school’s practice develop ment? What is certainly the role and capability of computers, multimedia and other modern technological devices to justify their use in the educational institutions.? This paper underscores the immediate need and capabilities of such technology in education and therefore attempts to discuss related issues. Some questions in survey have sought for the following: perceptions regarding the use of computers for instructional purposes, factors to make computer-based education program effective and problem that may be encountered in the application of computer technology to the teaching-learning process. The capability of computers in improving the quality of student learning and the efficiency of teaching has been the target issue in the national survey conducted by the foundation. Aside from asking questions given to school administrators, analysis from different references and syllabi on educational computing and interview with the pool of experts in the computer education were utilized to come up with the appropriate responses to the problems in the use of computers and to access as well their benefits for instructional purposes. The respondents of whom 54 percent are users and 46 percent are non-users of computer technology emphasized likewise the need to improve computer facilities to facilitate effectiveness of the programs such as curricular improvement, enhancement of instructions, efficiency in record keeping and delivery of instruction. Although others have indicated lack of funds, lack of trained personnel and high cost of the equipment as their valid reasons not employing computers in their schools, nevertheless, they show optimism of acquiring them eventually to keep pace with the developments. The school administrators as shown by the same study perceived good effects of the use of computers for instructional purposes whether in varying techniques such as teaching application programs, lesson demonstrations, drills and practice sessions, programming and simulations, examinations and others. Almost all the users in the levels (elementary, secondary, college) believe that computers have the capabilities of increasing the interest and willingness of the students to learn at their own rate, adding in them infinite patience in repetitive task and developing them to be independent or autonomous learners. Positive effects of the use of computers for instruction are certainly remarkable than the negative ones as indicated by the same survey. It is quite interesting to know that even the non-users of this technology agreed likewise to the items perceived by the users, both in public and private in all level. The major problems that the school may confront now concern not anymore of the high cost and inadequacy of the computers (since the government and other institutions seem to be supportive of these technological changes) but what the schools have to adapt strategically to maximize the use of these devices for instruction. There is now a need for the development for new and better computer – based instructional materials and provisions of pre and post service training of teachers so that everyone in the academe becomes fully – equipped with this knowledge. This training must be infused in the course offerings of the Higher Education specifically in the â€Å"Teacher Education† where would be potential computer lectures and teachers are developed. Eventually this rebounds to a better and quality training of which the ultimate beneficiaries are the students. The use of audio-visual devices such as video, television, projectors (film slide, OHP), cameras and other technologies have been considered effective in the delivery of instruction. The suitability of television as medium for bringing a living language to learners is beyond doubt. The dynamic sound and vision brought by these devises speaks of reality into the classrooms. The visual element in teaching such as the video has valuable contribution to the development of professional, social and effective competence of the learners. However, the video tape once viewed has a limited fast-forward feature that affects facility and inter activity of learning. Its major drawbacks – slowness and linearity – are somewhat hindrances in the execution of true interactivity which requires a dialogue, a two way exchange of both sides to adapt their behavior in the light of the other’s response. Thus, linear videotape can never be fully interactive. Multimedia technology is capable of simulating or combining text, sounds and pictures, animation and/or full motion video to present information conditionally and linearly. Interactive multimedia program may involved the use of microcomputer alone, optical media alone or combine computers and optical media plus the access of networks and other forms of technology in order to entertain, provide information, train and educate, archive, preserve and make collections of audiovisual materials. Through these, learners learn best in their own surroundings at their own pace or even with their local peer group pressure without interruptions. The rapid development of telecommunication systems has popularized multimedia specifically in business and industry. Since the term is difficult to define to technologies being developed, multimedia is described in general as a vast bulk of high quality information compiled in the node of the network with the links which is characterized by non-linearity. As compared with past media, multimedia has significant features that can synchronize several types of information, characters, numbers, visuals and sounds. The new information technologies integrate several current media such as video recorders, still cameras, CD, LD, and slides. The appearance of multimedia personal computer coupled with the information and telecommunication system allows the users more flexibility in learning. Compared to the pas personal computer, multimedia personal computers are marked by the features such CS ROM, 540 MB (and even higher), and more memory capacity. This is certainly a unified device that processes, texts, sound mages and develops them into audio-visual instructional materials. As mentioned earlier, multimedia devices have the quality of interactiveness nd being such provides high quality database represented by the Internet ( the fastest growing communications medium the world has by now) to enable the user especially researchers to have global access information. Borderless education or the distance learning is made possible by this technology. The volume of electronic mails among faculty and students, the use of bulletin and chat rooms are becoming trends in the school campuses. And, more significantly, the class paper s are done through word processors, laser printer, spell checkers and other related media. Utilizing CD-ROMs for instruction through the multimedia personal computer is relatively an ease to the students in their research work. For one thing, they can explore knowledge without necessarily getting the thick volumes of encyclopedias or other reference books from the library shelves. All they need to do is to avail any multimedia encyclopedia, load it into the CD drive and with the help of the mouse clicks, the disc contents, animated or not can be visualized on screen. The computer’s sound blasters, color monitors, some authoring tools and other features will definitely enrich the student’s reading experiences. The use of multimedia in the school is highly motivating and learning takes place very easily with less teacher’s efforts. The application of such in the classroom will all the more inspire the students to learn, leave upon them an impression and eventually increase their intellectual desires and capacity to collect and process more information. Almost everyone is now into this latest craze of electronic mailing. The great demand for the ability to transmit messages electronically to avoid postal delays requires us to be technologically updated. This e-mailing has become an incredibly important part of the Internet where we could talk, chat or conduct conversation with a person just across the street or even to someone on the other side of the world at the same cost. In a few minute’s time, we can even get his reply for as long as his e-mail site is active or on-line. Email- may be classified as social or business letters depending on the purpose, occasion, structure, and content of the message. The e-mailer may be formal or informal in his tone, however, his style and format in composing his message are visible factors to classify his written work as social of business. Undeniably, the recent mergers of giant telephone and television companies, wireless services, information and entertainment industries, new megamedia industries have targeted Education as the major market for their cable and satellite network services. How then could the educational institutions escape from such emerging pressure? These trends indeed affect curricular changes and thus, require greater reliance on technology in the teaching process, in some computer-aided learning resources and multimedia systems. The technology we have today is just outrageous compared to just 20 or even 10 years ago. What are your predictions or insights into the future? Are robots/machinery/wireless technologies going to run the show? I. TITLE: â€Å"THE CAPABILITIES OF NEW TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION† II. OBJECTIVES: A. The need for advancement and modernization in education. 1. Upgrading CHED, TESDA, and DOST with the use of new technology. 2. New technology for global competitiveness. B. Utilization of New Technology in Education. 1. The Perspective of administration in the application of computers. 1. Record Management 2. Communication and Curricular 3. Time-bound Management System C. Application of Multimedia in all subjects. 1. The computer assisted instruction and its implementation to learners. 1. Audio-video advantage in learning. 2. The effectiveness of CAI in the development of learners competence. 3. The output of learning process.. D. The Philippines must not be left behind when it comes to IT. 1. In global competitions. 2. Exponential Growth III. MAIN FACTS: A. The status of new technology in the Philippines and its application to the educational system. B. A comparison between the past management and the present management of Education using Information Technology. C. The advantage of interactive learning – human vs. machine. D. The Government should engage and implement Information Technology. 1. In all areas of disciplines 2. Technology update. E. The new technology is significantly needed for instruction. 1. The Philippines is left behind when it comes to the use of New Technology. 2. Government agencies like DepEd, DOH, DOST, and TESDA promote the use of New Technology as an educational tool to produce quality graduates. 3. There is a growing need of computerization and cybernization to produce globally competitive graduates. 4. The educators and those involved in the academe are now confronted with the dilemma of catching up with the advancing technology. F. Computer Technology is utilized for instructional purposes. 1. The use of computers in improving the quality of student learning and the efficiency of teaching has been the target issue in the natural survey conducted by the NET foundation. 2. The good effects of the use of computers for instructional purposes are emphasized. 3. There is a need to develop new instructional system to maximize the use of computers. G. The Multimedia Technology is also applied in education. . The use of audio-visual devices has been considered effective in the delivery of instruction. 2. Borderless education of distant learning is made possible with the use of internet. 3. The application of new technologies in teaching inspires students to learn and eventually increase their intellectual desires. IV. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this controlling roll-out of the new technolo gies, multimedia, hypermedia and others has caused immense changes in almost everything: roles of the universities, public policies, work and study patterns, thoughts and ideas of man. However, this technological program, though inevitable, is only a means to an end and what lies ahead as a more challenging endeavor is the manner of handling it to its optimum. What is hoped by everyone is that these capabilities of the modern technology bring forth bountiful success and redound to a more brilliant future of education. DEFINITION OF TERMS: ANALOGY – is a particular kind of comparison by which one subject is discussed according to terms which apply to the other. INTERPRETATION – is the art of establishing a meaningful pattern of relationship.

Emergency Management at the Millennium

Emergency Management at the Millennium Introduction Information is an important resource because it facilitates informed decision-making. It is advisable for decision makers to seek for the necessary information prior to making any decision. The reason for this is to gather facts, analyze various dimensions of a situation, and make a sound decision. This work is a presentation of a case study on emergency management at the millennium. The city is experiencing a management problem in the information and technology department.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Emergency Management at the Millennium specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is an increase in the load of information to be stored and processed due to the increase in the city’s total population. The information and technology management team has no appropriate managerial and technical skills to guide the department toward meeting the rising information needs. Issues to be discussed are t he organizational context of the case, the options available to the decision makers and the necessary ethical framework for decision-making. Organizational/ political context An organization is a group of individuals who have been brought together under a certain code of conduct and performance to work toward achieving a common goal. Every organization has a management team and a structure that indicates the chain of command. Each member of an organization is entitled to a role and authority to use the organization’s resources to facilitate task completion. The CIO is at the top of the organization structure meaning that s/he exercises all the powers and authorities of the department and controls the department’s resources toward ensuring that the organization’s goal- meeting information requirements and needs of various departments in the city- are met. It is important to note that the information technology department is an organization inside another organiza tion headed by the city manager. The city manager is responsible for the developmental needs of the city. Therefore, the complete organizational structure would be the City manager the CIO the staff. Whereby, a chain of command flows downward from the city manager (Rhodes, 2002). Options to the decision maker Beginning from the top, to ensure that the city’s development plans run according to the plan, the city manager could decide to disband the falling Information and technology department and allow all the other departments to establish their own in compliance with their needs. This decision would help reduce the amount of data to be stored and processed by each department. The second option is to fire the incumbent chief information officer and hire a new one. This option would help find the right manager with appropriate managerial and technical skills to deliver information needs of various users in the city. The third option would be to let the incumbent CIO to continu e serving but hire an assistant CIO with the requisite qualifications. The second decision maker would be the Chief information officer. He should create a working environment suitable for the staff members thus reduce employee turnover (Rhodes, 2002).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Framework for ethical decision-making While performing every duty or making an important decision, there are some guides and regulations or to be precise, codes of conduct that an individual is expected to display. The ethical framework proposed to guide the city manager when hiring a new chief information officer should be exercising impartial judgment based on professionalism and skills of the candidate and show no favoritism whatsoever, for a particular gender or race (Rhodes, 2002). Reference Rhodes, T. L. (2002). The public manager case book: Making decisions in a complex wor ld. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.

Grammar Tips Double Negatives

Grammar Tips Double Negatives Grammar Tips: Double Negatives We’re not saying grammar isn’t easy, but it isn’t uncomplicated either. And if you struggled to follow that sentence, it’s because we packed it with double negatives. Generally, you should avoid these in writing to ensure clarity. But not all double negatives are wrong, as we will now explain. Double Negatives (The Bad Kind) We’re often told to avoid double negatives in English, since two negatives in a sentence cancel one another out. The classic example is a denial of responsibility such as â€Å"I didn’t do nothing!† The problem with this double negative is that â€Å"didn’t† and â€Å"nothing† cancel one another out, as they are both negative terms. Thus, we’re left with a sentence that suggests the speaker did do something. A corrected version of this sentence would switch one negative term for a positive one. For example, we could say either: I didn’t do anything. OR I did nothing. We can now see what is being negated (i.e., doing something). As a result, you would not typically want to use this kind of double negative, especially in formal writing. However, you can use them to create an informal tone of voice in literature, since some people do use them in real life. Acceptable Negativity (The Good Kind) Sometimes, using a double negative is fine. In fact, some double negatives are so common you might not even recognize them as double negatives. This includes phrases like â€Å"not bad† and â€Å"not uncommon,† which combine two negatives to make a positive. Taken literally, for example, the phrase â€Å"not bad† would simply imply that something is not bad. In practice, though, â€Å"not bad† is usually a way of saying â€Å"quite good.† This double negative is therefore a form of ironic understatement, sometimes known as litotes. So when Tom Jones sang â€Å"it’s not unusual to be loved by anyone,† what he meant was â€Å"it’s fairly normal to be loved by someone.† Which, we’ll admit, is a less catchy lyric. Tom Jones: quite unusual.(Photo: VMusic2016/wikimedia) When Should I Use a Double Negative? â€Å"Good† double negatives like â€Å"not bad† are common in everyday language, so you can use them freely in less formal writing. However, they may not be formal enough for academic of business writing, so you should be careful about using them in such documents. Furthermore, never use the â€Å"I didn’t do nothing† type of double negative in formal writing. In fact, you’re usually better off avoiding these â€Å"bad† double negatives altogether. Of course, if you want to make doubly sure your writing is error free, you can always have it checked by a professional!

Evaluating the impact of CSR on consumer buying behaviour, An Essay

Evaluating the impact of CSR on consumer buying behaviour, An empirical study from the UK consumer, and company perspective - Essay Example any develops and the more that it increases in size, the more does it become visible to the public’s consciousness and the more that it is expected to be responsible for its business processes and the impact of such processes on society (Daub & Ergenzinger, 2006). Corporate social responsibility is something that is focused on doing not only what is right but what is fair, while at the same time, avoiding causing harm. It can therefore be perceived as a manner with which a company regulated its activities (Moir, 2001). Corporate sustainability on the other hand, refers to the sustainable development and the ability of a company to generate performance for the long-term, in order to make sure that the company survives amidst its competition (Munilla & Miles, 2005). However, in order to make sure that corporate sustainability is possible, it is important that the company makes sure that they meet the needs and expectations of their stakeholders, while they also seek to protect, support and enhance the resources acquired from human labour and the natural resources that are needed by the entire community in future years (Strategic Direction, 2008). According to Van der Putten (2005), the stakeholder theory is one that has brought about the importance of corporate social responsibility or CSR among business organizations. Based in this theory, companies do not only have a responsibility towards the society within which they hold their operations, but also their shareholders, their employees, their consumers, their suppliers and their local communities (Vogel, 2005). In this context, it is the responsibility of any company to make sure that they are able to give something back to the entire community and the environment, both of which have helped them to become successful, or continues to contribute to their success (Bronn & Vrioni, 2001). The implementation and the continuation of corporate social responsibility among business organizations actually ‘constitutes

Early Childhood Development Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Early Childhood Development - Personal Statement Example I kneel beside the child and brush her dainty curls away from her fathomless eyes. She gazes upon her present, but does not show an oodle of hurray. She just shrinks away from me , returning back to incessant arrangement of her doll house that is already immaculately set and starts dribbling crumbs through her miniscule fingers ." Early childhood is a critical period. The foundation for development and learning: including critical skills , dispositions for academic learning, social relation , becoming positive contributors to peer groups, families, and communities, begin to inchoate . This genesis begins g to materialize primarily at home, preschool, child care, play groups, libraries, parks, and places of worship. Every child , disable or able , is exposed to an array of early developmental attributes that life has to offer at this point. The assignment delegated is to experience and evaluate a child care facility with the view of gaining valuable insight into the modus operandi of our future workplace. In the following sections, I will be elucidating the information that I garnered during the course of the study. The child care facility is "The Mountain View School" facility catering to special needs of autistic children, strategically located at 525 Gladis enclave. This center is a frontrunner in early childhood development. Mrs. 2.0 Provision of Child Care 2.1 Caregiver I had the pleasure to interact with Mrs. Shannon Coleman. An embodiment of altruism, she dispenses her child care wisdom with absolute accuracy and potency. Mrs. Coleman has an honors degree in 'Child Psychology' , a diploma in 'Language and literacy development in young children' and associate degree in 'Child day care management'. Little wonder of her oozing expertise. She promulgates that her rationale in caring for a child is to imagine that you are a star and disseminate the aura ,the dazzle that you exude to children. She demonstrates her flawless skill by interpreting the cryptic language of cries, hums, frowns, chuckles, squeals and gurgles that children make and translates them into meaningful speech , which will prove to be an uphill task for any novice. Bearing testimony to her exemplary talent, I take pride in elucidating two such instances wherein she has demonstrated her high caliber with autistic children. 1. I watch her stride towards an autistic child , she holds the child's chin tenderly, with the motherly aura she emits ,it would be very easy to confuse her to be the child's mum. She gingerly opens the child's mouth and inspects the ulcer on the child's inner cheek. Very audacious and incisive intellect permits her to assert the cause of the ulcer: 'high-protein diet'. With painstaking eye for detail, Mrs. Coleman then goes about with the task of eliminating protein loaded food off the toddler's diet . She then assigns a dietician who prescribes folic acid supplements .I have the opportunity to visit the center again and I notice that with the new diet regime introduced for the child , the ulcer is now history. 2. Mrs. Coleman also showcases her

Taiwan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Taiwan - Essay Example the fresh vegetables (turnips, carrots, cabbage) and other ingredients like spices (ginger, anise, salt, sesame oil and chilli peppers) with variety of sauces involve nutritional preserving methods of cooking like sautà ©ing, boiling, steaming and stir frying. Taiwanese eat frequently and usually three to four times a day but commonly breakfast, lunch evening snack and dinner are taken. However, they also take snacks in the evening before dinner and the most popular of them are Guan Cai ban, Yu Wan (fish ball) and meat ball and rice noodles, Yong Ho soya bean milk, chicken rice (Ji Rou Fen), pearl milk tea and etc. In Taiwan food is usually shared among the family members during breakfast, lunch, evening snack and dinner. All the family members eat and dine together and at a same time from the traditional hot pot in winters. Since the teachings and values of Confusion (obligation of individuals to one another) are very deeply rooted in the region. Therefore, women of the house are usually given the responsibility to prepare meals for the family. Families usually eat in their living rooms, but since after industrialization wave a popular way to eat was bien dang, this box contains all varieties of food like beans, vegetables, fish or pork with noodles or rice. The price is cheap in comparison to homemade meals; therefore, eating outside is much more common in Taiwan than any other place. There are many varieties available in bien dang like chicken, pork, vegetable they occur due to diverse ethnic nature of the region. Super markets do not sell their goods on whole sale prices that is why grocery becomes expensive for the buyers and they opt for readymade meals like bien dang which are cheap. Staple food noodles, rice or any other would be consumed with chop sticks. Meals are served in round small bowls usually especially if it’s liquid plus meat food. The bowl is kept close to the chin and chop sticks are used to eat the firm parts of the food. Since I grew

What can be done to solve the problems caused by international tourism Essay

What can be done to solve the problems caused by international tourism - Essay Example 39). When it comes to resource usage, international tourism puts pressure on the available natural resources due to increased consumption. Water is one of the resources that is overused for swimming pools, hotels and golf courses among other uses. Secondly, resource usage creates pressure on the local resources such as food, energy and raw materials. Finally, international tourism may lead to land degradation, where the need for recreational and tourism facilities has put pressure on forests, minerals, wetlands and wildlife (Sunlu, 2003 p. 264). The second aspect is pollution, and the main forms of pollution include air pollution, solid waste discharge and sewage pollution. Just as there are varied impacts of international tourism on the environment, so are the solutions. Some of the key strategies that can be used are discussed. First, many have called for the development of Environmental Education, which aims at making the local populations aware and conscious of their environment (Skanavis & Sakellari, 2011 p. 241). Such programs target the tourists and teach them on how best to enjoy their holidays/vacations without causing significant damage to the environment. This appears to be the most effective way since it places the idea of environmental conservation in the hands of the locals and the tourists themselves who are the major stakeholders in this industry. Secondly, there is need for governments and local authorities to put measures in place that will promote responsible and sustainable forms of tourism (Borelli & Brogna, 2000 p. 8). Through this approach, the government can regulate the types of tourist activities that take place in the country . This will also control the materials/products brought into the country by the tourists which could harm the environment. Since this is a legislative approach, there is the likelihood that political interference might derail the formulation of necessary laws. If such legislation or

I will proved topic tomorrow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I will proved topic tomorrow - Essay Example Hobbes on the other hand, assumed that people are the same with regard to their mental and physical characteristics and that one is responsible for controlling personal behavior. In addition, he said that people differ in both physical and mental capability. For instance, another through mental skills can overpower an individual with physical strength. Therefore, people are guided by societal norms and guidance to be behaved morally upright. However, the two thinkers cannot be considered moral egoists. For instance, the meaning of pleasure contradicts with the definition of Epicurus. â€Å"Pleasure is every person’s first and kindred good, it is the starting point of every choice and of every aversion† the statement means that searching for pleasure and living a pleasant life occurs naturally. Every individual has a right to live a pleasant life. Therefore, the behavior of a person should be controlled and should not only fulfill personal pleasures but also respect other people happiness (Shaw & Barry, 2004, 18). Epicurus does not however receive entire judgment as being a free thinker that is not egoistic. It is important to understand the fact that many books have termed him egoistic and many contemporary philosophers. The fact that he states that all actions are ethical does not offer him full credit as being liberal. If people acted out of their own interests without caring about the fate of others, the world would not be a so comfortable place. This would lead to a world full of selfish acts where people consequently carry out their actions just to please one. For example, a person who takes up an activity knowing very well that the result would harm the neighbor or someone else and still carries on with it shows moral egoism. According to Epicurus, the state in which the human mind operates does not always allow him to have moral justification in the carrying out of several acts. It is basic ethics to understand that

Budgeting Procedures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Budgeting Procedures - Essay Example The FY 07-08 Budget also reflects the culmination of a substantial effort by City staff to include performance measures for all City programs (Adopted Annual Budget, 2007-08). While this effort is still in its developmental stage, the performance measures will provide a better connection between budget resources and desired outcomes. Usually, annual budgets are adopted on a basis consistent with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and the City uses a cash basis for budgeting governmental funds (Adopted Annual Budget, 2007-08).Yearly appropriated budgets are accepted for the General, Special Revenue, Debt Service and Enterprise Funds. All operating and capital expenditures and revenues are recognized in the budgeting process because of the want for appropriation authority. This paper will therefore focus on analyzing and evaluating the budget. According to the Adopted Annual Budget (2007-08), the process for preparing and adopting the city's annual budget and levying a property tax rate is conducted in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 200 of the Florida statutes and the city's code of ordinance. Chapter 200, Florida statues outlines the budget process beginning with the certification of taxable value on or before July 1 by the country property appraiser. The setting of the millage rate and budget involves a formal process also known as Truth in Millage Act. TRIM serves to formalize the tax levying and budget adoption process by requiring a specific method of calculating the tax rate and any increase, the form of notice to property owners, and public hearing and advertisement requirements prior to the adoption of the annual budget and tax rate. Development of the Annual Budget is comprised of three major initiatives: strategic planning and financial trends outlook, 5 year capital improvements programs development and operating budget preparation. The budget is entirely prepared to accept the accounting system at the start of the fiscal year. A number of GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) adjustments are made to reflect balance sheet requirements and their effect on the budget. These include changes in designations and recognition of accrued liabilities. Amounts needed for such long term liabilities as future payoff of accumulated employee vacation and sick leave (i.e. compensated absences) are generally not budgeted but are adjusted or reported for the actual amounts incurred as a result of an employee resignation or retirement. Usually, a four step process is followed to come up with the budget. This involves preliminary planning and preparation, review, adoption and monitoring. During the preliminary planning stage, the city council meets in January/ February to review the city's strategic priorities. Later on (March/April), the council is provided with a financial trends outlook for the city's three operating funds. In a workshop setting, the city council reviews and discusses major budget trends and then provides policy direction for preparation of the upcoming fiscal year budget. The budget preparation stage follows up in January whereby a 5 year CIP process is initiated with various departments. The CIP for the upcoming fiscal year is the only year in which actual funding is appropriated. The five year CIP serves as the basis for

I will proved topic tomorrow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I will proved topic tomorrow - Essay Example Hobbes on the other hand, assumed that people are the same with regard to their mental and physical characteristics and that one is responsible for controlling personal behavior. In addition, he said that people differ in both physical and mental capability. For instance, another through mental skills can overpower an individual with physical strength. Therefore, people are guided by societal norms and guidance to be behaved morally upright. However, the two thinkers cannot be considered moral egoists. For instance, the meaning of pleasure contradicts with the definition of Epicurus. â€Å"Pleasure is every person’s first and kindred good, it is the starting point of every choice and of every aversion† the statement means that searching for pleasure and living a pleasant life occurs naturally. Every individual has a right to live a pleasant life. Therefore, the behavior of a person should be controlled and should not only fulfill personal pleasures but also respect other people happiness (Shaw & Barry, 2004, 18). Epicurus does not however receive entire judgment as being a free thinker that is not egoistic. It is important to understand the fact that many books have termed him egoistic and many contemporary philosophers. The fact that he states that all actions are ethical does not offer him full credit as being liberal. If people acted out of their own interests without caring about the fate of others, the world would not be a so comfortable place. This would lead to a world full of selfish acts where people consequently carry out their actions just to please one. For example, a person who takes up an activity knowing very well that the result would harm the neighbor or someone else and still carries on with it shows moral egoism. According to Epicurus, the state in which the human mind operates does not always allow him to have moral justification in the carrying out of several acts. It is basic ethics to understand that

Strategies for People Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategies for People Management - Essay Example There have been numerous research efforts in this area and a lot of organizations are devising strategies aimed at bringing more women into the upper levels of workforce. In its response to the DTI consultation on productivity indicators, the EOC has submitted that, â€Å"The achievement of gender equity is central to the three key elements of economic growth – an increased labour supply; flexibility, so as to be able to adjust to new growth opportunities; and rewarding workers according to their performance and skills.† (http://www.eoc.org.uk). Our main aim in HR terms is the recruitment, retention and development of the very best and creative staff and to provide them high quality support to strengthen our strategy of maintaining the cutting edge of functional ability. The challenge we presently face in HR is to maintain our present staff strength so that we can sustain our present momentum and stay ahead of our competitors. The shortage of skilled workforce is the main problem in UK and within the next years the position is likely to get worse rather than improve. The factors of aging, migration to other jobs, disparity between staff etc are some of the key issues that may serve the create shortage of manpower in our organisation. While we recognise that women constitute a proportionate portion of our research staff , photographers, copy writers, editors etc and do play a key role in delivering our overall strategic aims, their numbers in the middle and senior level executives are much less than their male counterparts. Our strategy, therefore, must reinforce the importance we attach in achieving equality of representation of both genders in the higher echelons of staff structure. Our present strategy is primarily focused on recruitment and retention, reward and recognition, training, learning and development, action to tackle poor performance, review of staffing needs. While our efforts in the area of reward, recognition

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay Example for Free

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay Eleanor Roosevelt will always be remembered in history as the first woman to make a difference in the status of first lady. She was born in 1884 and died in 1962 and all through her life showed tremendous courage in facing what happened to her. Her childhood may be seen as having influenced her later life. It is considered to have been influential in shaping her life and her approach towards the problems evident in society. She was born in a very wealthy family because both sides of her family were very wealthy and also renowned families. However, her adult life defied the expectations of her class in society. She did not behave as the rest of her class members did. She did what they would not do due to their status in society. She was born Anna Eleanor Roosevelt in 1884 to Anna Hall and Elliot Roosevelt in New York. Her mother was famous for her beauty and was disappointed in Eleanor’s looks because she was not as beautiful or graceful as she wanted her to be. As a result, they did not become close in the short time they spent together. Her father was the younger brother to President Theodore who later actually gave Eleanor in her wedding since her parents were already dead by then (http://www. pbs. rg). Her mother died in 1892 when Eleanor was only 8 years old. Her relationship with her father was a bit better because he did not criticize her looks. They were however not very close because of marital problems experienced between him and Anna and hence ended up not communicating a lot with Eleanor. After the death of her mother, she moved in with her maternal grandmother and hence, instead of closing the rift between her and her father this ended up widening it. He died in 1894 when she was 10 years old due to drinking related problems. His behavior had led to his being disowned by his family. She had private tutors until the age of 15 when she joined Allenwood a finishing school where she met her mentor Madame Marie Sourvesre. She traveled all over Europe with her and she was the one who taught Eleanor â€Å"the lifestyle of an independent woman† (PBS 1999). She returned to New York at the age of 18. She became a social worker and it is at this time that she met Franklin Delano Roosevelt who was her fifth cousin. She got married in March 17, 1905 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. She introduced him to the world of poor people during their courtship when she was working as a social worker. Due to her the emotional problems she faced in her childhood as a result of the lack of affection from both her mother and father, she was able to give unto others unconditional love regardless of their status in life. She was also greatly affected by the constant reference people made in regards to beauty and the fact that she knew she was not a great beauty. This was carried on even in her engagement where she was not sure if she could maintain a marriage to her husband who was handsome where she whereas she was plain (http://www. drlibrary. marist. edu). She had very many accomplishments that started early in life even before her status as first lady. Although earlier in life she had not been interested in politics, she later became interested because she did not want to seem ignorant among her peers. The presence of her domineering mother-in-law led to her having more time to dedicate to her functions because her 6 children were watched by Sarah the mother-in-law. She wanted to continue having the status that she had achieved under the tutelage of Madame Souvestre. She felt that as long as she was around Sarah she would not be able to accomplish what she wanted to and so would involve herself in many activities in order to escape her (http://www. fdrlibrary. marist. edu). During World War 1, she volunteered both in the American Red Cross and also in the Navy hospitals. She worked tirelessly to help those afflicted by the war even though she did not like the war or even the idea of war. In 1920, she became an active member of the women’s suffrage movement. In an effort to fight for women and also enlighten them on their rights, she joined the League of Women Voters and became the vice president of its New York branch. In this group, she was able to encourage women to become voters and fought for the right of women to vote. The law allowing women to vote was passed in 1920. This was also made possible by the Women’s Division of the Democratic Party of which she was also a member. She was also a member of the Women’s Trade Union League which looked into the working conditions of women and fought for the improvement of the same. It also fought for the acceptance of women in the employment field. She was very concerned about women issues and would fight for them in any way possible. She also went ahead to establish Todhunter which was a private school for girls only. She co-owned it with her friend and became its assistant principal and also a teacher of history yet she had no formal certificate. She did this because she had admired Souvestre and wanted to follow in her footsteps. This happened in 1927. In 1918, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was discovered by Eleanor to be having an affair with her social secretary Mercer. She discovered love letters between the two. She threatened him with divorce if he did not end the affair. He promised he would and hence saved the marriage albeit his mother was involved. Although the marriage was saved, Eleanor became a different woman who channeled her energies to many situations that both took her time and also enlightened her more to women’s independence. It is also at this time that she joined the various women organizations and became very close to the women she was working with. In 1921, Franklin suffered from poliomyelitis which left paralyzed in both legs and his mother advised him to become a recluse. She wanted him to remain in Hyde-Park but Eleanor encouraged him to keep interested in politics. He took her advice and Eleanor would act as his informant gathering information from the citizens and giving it to him and discussing the various issues with him. He appeared in public on crutches in 1924 to nominate Governor Alfred E. Smith for president. This was all Eleanor’s doing because she was the one who encouraged him (Lash J. P. Eleanor 1972 pg 550-680). In the process of becoming his eyes and ears, on the ground, she ended up becoming an independent woman and this helped her deal with the hurt of her husband’s infidelity. She realized there was a problem of unemployment and this led her to form the Val-Kill furniture factory. This was in New York and its aim was to provide employment especially to those who were suffering from unemployment yet could learn skills that would provide an income for them. Later on the industry widened its activities to involve weaving and also pewter work. This impressed her husband very much and in the long run encouraged her to spend more and more time there. Franklin through her encouragement ran for governorship of New York and he was elected in 1928. He served in office up to 1933. In all this time, Eleanor would help him make legislations that were progressive. She did this by ensuring that she corresponded with the New York residents an understood their problems. She would also travel very much and in these travels would inspect the state institutions and report to Franklin what was going on and in what ways the issues could be resolved. Her work is what led to the re-election of her husband as a governor for a second term and also his nomination to become president. This is because he sued the information she had gathered to help improve the lives of the common people. Franklin became president in March 4 1933 and consequently Eleanor became America’s first lady. She did not approach this situation confidently since she was apprehensive on its impact in her life as an independent woman. Despite this, she adapted to the role quickly and actually went down in history as the longest serving first lady because Franklin was president from 1933-1945. Once she became first lady, she continued providing various opportunities for women she did this by holding press conferences where only female reporters were invited. It is through these conferences that she kept the public informed about the policies in the white house especially the New Deal which was supposed to help in the recovery from the depression (http://www. lkwdpl. org). In line with the effects of the depression, she persuaded FDR to create the National Youth Administration. This organization was supposed to help young people who due to the effects of the depression could either not join or complete their studies. They could only manage to do this if they had jobs which in turn affected their studies. She became the adviser to those who held the administration posts and also spoke on behalf of the program. She was also involved with the American Youth Congress which was also concerned with matters of the youth. She got involved with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. This is because she no longer held the view of white supremacy and viewed everyone as equals. She understood the plight of the black people in America and worked hard to ensure their rights were recognized and respected. She also worked with the National Council of Negro Women to help the black women. Her stand was made clear when she resigned from being a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1939 because they had refused to allow Marian Anderson, who was a musician, to perform at Constitution Hall (http://www. pbs. org). At this time, the Second World War was starting off and although she detested war, she became involved in it because her sons were fighting in the war. During this time, she made numerous visits to England and also to the South Pacific. This she did in order to promote the good-will that was there among the allies. She also visited the United States troops that were abroad in order to boost their confidence and lift their spirits. She worked to rally civilian volunteerism to which she had been appointed as assistant director of the Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) a post to which she had been appointed by Franklin. She however resigned from it later on due to complaints made about the people she appointed to work with her. FDR died in April 12 1945 and although she had assumed that her public life was over, she was proved wrong by the then president Harry S. Truman. He appointed her as a delegate in the United States Delegation to the United Nation’s General Assembly. In this capacity, she worked hard to ensure that the issues that pertained to social, humanitarian and cultural issues were dealt with. She held this position up to 1953 when she resigned. In this period, she was also the chairman of the Human Rights Commission and it is during her tenure that the Declaration of Human Rights was drafted. The declaration was adopted by the General Assembly on 10th December 1948. Her greatest achievement can be said to be the Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration emphasized the equality of all people regardless of their race, creed, color or gender. It therefore protected the way people that Eleanor had spent her whole life trying to protect and also improve their lives. It declared the right to life, liberty and equality to all people. It therefore meant that the poor, minorities and the disadvantaged were to be treated the same as those who were previously deemed to be superior. Through it, she was able to help the blacks, the women and those who were poor (Lash J. P. Eleanor 1972 pg 550-680). In the same year of 1948, she helped in the establishment of the state of Israel. This she did because she had always been sympathetic to the experience of the Jews at the hands of Adolph Hitler during the Second World War. She did not harbor ill feelings towards the Jews as did the rest of the upper-class. She also provided her help because she viewed herself first and foremost as a United Nations delegate whose work was to promote peace the world over. As a UN delegate, she also tried to establish negotiations with the Soviet Union although she was very cautious. This failed because they did not respect the Human Rights Declaration. From 1953, she volunteered as a member of the American Association for the United Nations. She did this in the capacity of a representative to the World Federation of United Nations. Later on she became the chairman of the Associations’ Board of Directors. John F. Kennedy reappointed her to the United States Delegation to United Nation in 1961. He also appointed her as a member of the National Advisory Committee of the Peace Corps and also the chairman of the President’s Commission on the status of women. She took on these responsibilities gladly as she was well versed with the operations of each (http://www. bs. org). In her lifetime, she had been involved in writing a daily column in the paper, which started in 1935 up to a few days prior to her death in 1962. This column was called â€Å"My Day†. She also started some question and answer column in the newspapers. She managed to write several books during her lifetime which are: This Is My Story (1937), This I Remember (1950), On My Own (1958), and Tomorrow Is Now (1963). Her last book was produced post humously and in it she praised Franklin for the social reforms he had put in place. She died in Nov 7 1962 and thus did not see it published. She was a lady who affected the western civilization in many ways. She proved that a woman can be able to perform remarkably in politics while still maintaining her dignity. The fact that she was able to accept every person regardless of their status in life led to the formation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration opened the people’s eyes to the fact that all human beings are equal even if they come from different areas in life. She established that one has to be able to deal with what they cannot change and should not be judged by what is beyond their power to correct or change (Lash J. P.  Eleanor 1972 pg 550-680). She also exhibited that regardless of how high and mighty one’s family may be and also despite the wealth they have, anyone can be able to make a difference in the lives of those who are victimized and destitute. The western people held a lot of prejudice towards Jews and blacks and she went a long way to try and bridge the gap that existed by not having such prejudices. She also set the role that the other first ladies in America and world over ought to follow. They are not supposed to just sit back and watch what their husbands do but instead should get involved and learn as much as possible and help them out. On the question of how she affected the society, she did a lot to help women get the right to vote. She also encouraged the women to seek employment and provided any opportunity possible to women to ensure that they succeeded. She was also very concerned about the youth and their education. She valued education and ensured that through the formation of the National Youth Association that the American youth would be able to access quality formal education without the problems of having to search for a job. The various trips she made to meet the common man made her understand the problems that they faced everyday. She got to understand the impact of unemployment and also that of the Great Depression. She would give this information to Franklin and also suggest the various ways in which he could help solve the problems (http://www. pbs. org). The creation of the Val-Kill was intended to provide employment to those in New York who needed it yet could not get it. She therefore helped uplift the living standards of many Americans by providing employment and also avenues through which they could provide employment for themselves and for others. The face of the government changed from her time to include more women. The fact that women become voters meant that more women had chances of being voted in because they were voted in by their fellow women. She proved that women can be very good politicians and diplomats. As a U. N delegate she kept making attempts to bring about negotiations between America and the Soviet Union. Although she never succeeded in bridging this gap, she tried her best.

Kenneth Branaughs Hamlet or William Shakespeares Hamlet? Essay

Kenneth Branaugh's Hamlet or William Shakespeare's Hamlet? Kenneth Branaugh may have had the script of William Shakespeare's Hamlet spoken down to every last thee and thou, but one must remember that this is Hamlet through Branaugh's eyes, not Shakespeare's. Therefore, dismissing obvious additions made for adapting the play to film, such as having a real castle instead of a stage, it is possible to observe the unique characters, interpretations, actions, and setting that make this version the director's own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the time of Shakespeare, one of the actors main challenges was to use the words to paint the scene for the audience, since, for the most part, they were looking at a bare stage. However, this use of imagination and portrayal is no longer needed when the script is brought to film. Every pearl and snowflake have been placed strategically before the audience, so that there is no need to listen to the language to create your own vision of Hamlet's world. Branaugh's world is full of lavish affairs, freezing winters, and halls of mirrors. The use of the camera has some definite advantages and disadvantages. First, since the characters are no longer limited by a defined space, they are able to deliver their long speeches while being in a constant state of motion. This occurs in the scene with the guards, and most noticeably in the scene with Laertes and Ophelia, before he leaves for France. This same scene demonstrates how the camera enables the characters to switch from one setting to the next, as when Laertes, Ophelia, and Polonius are taken from outside to the church. This, in turn, helps Branaugh set the scene for Ophelia and Polonius, in which, Ophelia confesses everything to her father, perhaps only because she is in a confession booth. Filming also allows for clarification of what is being said through silent plays. During characters' dialogue, the scene switches to actions of the past, present, and even to things that could happen. This seems to be used to give the audience a better understanding of what is happening, and it also helps to further develop the characters so that the story is built up to the audience, rather then being tossed into the middle of the storyline. Young Fortinbras is often shown in these silent plays and is the only way his character is able to be developed to such an extent. This technique is... ...h Hamlet being carried out in a cross formation, perhaps suggesting that Hamlet's pursuit of vengeance was his crucifixion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are so many ways this work can be interpreted and acted out, and that makes it hard to be critical when there is no standard to compare it to. This film was Kenneth Branaugh's vision of Hamlet, and so to him it is magnificent. To myself, this film had many brilliant spots and was very thorough and well acted out. However, at times, the action and music became a bit overwhelming. Perhaps Branaugh got a little to caught up in the moment, it is hard to say. The silent plays that were shown throughout ( King Hamlet's death, the drowned Ophelia, Hamlet's childhood days with Yurich, Priam's slaughter, Fortinbras) added a lot to the film, because it gave the characters a history and allowed for a non-shakespearean audience to better understand what was being said. The adaptation from play to film is not always very easy, and obviously some changes have to occur. Branaugh's version of Hamlet definitely had some additions, but it still captured the essence of Shakespeare making it an interesting piece of work, and an enjoyable film.

Speech Pathology in Practice -- Health Care

Speech Pathology In Practice A speech pathologist is a health professional, educated at university level in the study of human communication. Speech pathologists assess and treat a wide range of communication and feeding skills, including language, voice, speech, fluency, feeding and swallowing and literacy (Private Speech Pathologists' Association of Western Australia, 2011, p. 1). They provide a wide range of services, mainly on an individual basis, but also as support for families, support groups, and providing information for the general public. Speech pathologists can work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, nursing homes, schools, community health centres, rehabilitation centres and private practice. In addition, the role of a speech pathologist is also to act as an advocate on behalf of people with communication disabilities (Speech Pathology Australia, 2012, p. 1). Human language is a unique mental equity and the use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture. Apart from being used to communicate and share information, it also has social and cultural uses, such as signifying ingrouping and identity (O'Connor, 2010, p. 1). The term language is often used interchangeably with communication and even speech, but it is important to define these terms in the context of speech pathology. Language can be defined as ‘code with structural properties characterized by a set of rules for producing and comprehending utterances’ (Nicolosi, Harryman, & Kresheck, 2004, p. 111). This is in contrast to speech; a ‘medium of oral communication that employs a linguistic code’ (Nicolosi et al., 2004, p. 254) or communication; ‘any means by which an individual relates experiences, ideas, knowledge and feelings to another’ (N... ...ial Educational Needs, 8(1), 2-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-3802.2008.00096.x Private Speech Pathologists' Association of Western Australia. (2011, 27 February 2012). What does a speech pathologist do? , from http://www.pspawa.com.au/html/what_do_we_do.html - What%20does%20a%20Speech%20Pathologist%20do Snowling, M. J., & Hulme, C. (2012). Interventions for children's language and literacy difficulties. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 47(1), 27-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-6984.2011.00081.x Speech Pathology Australia. (2012). What is a speech pathologist? , from http://www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/library/1.1_What_is_a_Speech_Pathologist.pdf Steele, S., & Mills, M. (2011). Vocabulary intervention for school-age children with language impairment: A review of evidence and good practice. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 27(3), 354.

Credibility and Impact

The internet has allowed American's to be able to gather information from the comfort of their own home. The internet has reshaped the political landscape because the internet spreades information fast, so they can react fast. The availability of information on the internet has affected how people view politicans and politics as a whole. The internet enables americans who want to be more involved in political process. The internet benefits politicans directly, their are alot of tools politicans can use to communicate with voters: email, blog, twitter, podcast. Politics have changed due to the internet is now lightning speed. They can react quickly to whats happening in the world. The internet could enables bloggers and commenteres to be salacious, rude and vulgar. But overall the internet allows politicans to see much more deeply into American psyche. Internet allows people to feeling through blogs just like if they was in a town hall meeting face to face. Conclusion: I never have used the internet has a great source but after doing research for the Senator I have more faith in our internet just have to double check your sources. I Hope you can start to access the web more on topics you would like to learn about.

Lighting in the Office Enviroment

In the developed countries the number of people who do the office work is great nowadays and it’s rapidly increasing. The U.S is not an exception, thus millions of Americans spent one third of their lifetime in the office environment. They are usually the most active consumers of painkillers, and the favorite clients of the companies producing glasses and contact lenses. Numerous researches proved that office work is one of the most harmful for the workers health, as it doesn’t provide the needed amount of physical activity, in the same time making the employee spend great amounts of time in a place where some vital for health conditions, like airing, the level of noise or level of lighting are not appropriate. The doctors consider poor lighting one of the main reasons that leads to the excessive eyestrain, muscle fatigue, headaches and poor posture, the article about the lighting in the office from the Officinado Website says. Except for this it lowers the effectiveness of the employees’ labor due to the visual and muscle stain the office workers experience when the lighting conditions are poor. The researches found the roots of this problem. The thing is that the level of lighting is excessive in most of the offices due to the fact that the appropriate level was calculated proceeding from the assumption that paperwork would be the main activity of the workers. But time passed, and more and more offices began to refuse from the pen and paper methods. Instead the computers appeared which completed the needed tasks more quickly and effectively, and without the piles of paper lying everywhere. But the thing is that the level of lighting intended for paperwork is excessive for the PC users. Thus the employees have to work in the accommodations with the inappropriate lighting conditions, which causes discomfort to them, and, of course, makes their labor less effective than it could’ve been if the lighting was proper. To make their work more comfortable and effective the intensity of general lighting should be reduced, and the desk lights should be put for the pan and paper tasks. One of the visual effects that appear because of the excessive lighting and improper disposal of the lighting sources is glare. The article Ergonomics in the Office by Bryan Galloy defines glare as the â€Å"visual effect caused by large differences in brightness between an object and its surroundings†. He advises several methods for reducing it, which are: Positioning light sources outside the employee's visual working field; Covering light sources with glare shields; Using matte finishes to reduce the reflectance of surfaces; Installing glare screens on the VDT; Covering windows or skylights with blinds or films. The doctors say that in some extreme cases the glare can even impair vision temporarily, but in the office environment it’s usually not that intensive. Nevertheless, it can cause visual fatigue and eyestrain. One more factor that causes visual discomfort for the office workers is the light reflected from the shiny polished objects. The PC users suffer from it much more than other workers, as the monitors reflect the light from the sources that are located behind the user or above him. To reduce this effect the specialists advise to put the computer workstations between the rows of overhead lights instead of stationing them directly below them in order to reduce the intensity of light. The specialists also advise to put the computers in such a way for the person who operates the computer would not face the window or sit back to it, to make the light   fall at the right angle and to move the source of light from the line of sight of the person who operates the PC. Two primary types of lighting exist in the office, which are task lighting and ambient lighting. Ambient lighting is for satisfying the needs for general lighting and for low visual-demand tasks, while the task lighting is used for completing the tasks that demand certain preciseness. The specialists advise that the task lighting should be three times the intensity of ambient lighting. The authors of the Office Ergonomics say that the lighting for the offices that use the PC together with completing the paperwork should be about 300-400 lux (30-40 footcandles). For the offices where the paper documents are not used it shouldn’t be more than 200 lux (20 footcandles). It is also useful to minimize the outside lighting with the help of drapes, dark film, blinds or louvers, as it reduces the strain on the workers’ eyes. One more way to reduce the light reflections on the monitor screen exists which is the monitor filter. It is a good idea to replace the light office desktops with the reflective finishes with the darker ones whose finishes are matte. The specialists also advise the computer users to adjust the screen's brightness and contrast controls to reduce the strain on the eyes. As we see, proper lighting is very important for creating a comfortable and stimulating working environment for the employees. This goal can be reached by regulating the level of artificial lighting in the accommodation, reducing the outer light with the help of the drapes, dark film and blinds and proper disposition of the computer workstations. Works Cited n.d. Lighting Your Office. Officinado Website, 2004. < http://www.officinado.com/user-articles/Lighting-Your-Office.html > Galloy, B. Ergonomics in the Office.   Rice University Website. < http://www.rice.edu/projects/depts/ehs/ergo.htm > Kroemer, K. H. E. Kroemer,A.D. Kroemer Karl H. E. Office Ergonomics. CRC Press, 2001